1. HERMENEUTIC PRINCIPLES
Hermeneutic
is a kind of research to analyze or interpret a text with respect to the
general rules of Biblical interpretation. Hermeneutic philosophers study the
text by keeping the view in mind that how our belief system, culture,
tradition, and nature make understanding possible.
2. Hermeneutics of suspicion
According
to Paul Ricoeur hermeneutics of Suspicion is a method to interpret a text with
pessimism in literary studies to discover the hidden meaning or truth. It can
be understood better by comparing the different approaches of philosophers to a
text.
For
Freud's text sublimate the sexual conflicts of the writer and for Mark's, it is
all about the economic condition that determined a lot. Here is a suspicion
that the interpretation can be any or other than these two.
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3. Hermeneutics of Recovery
This
is another method to analyze a text. According to Paul Ricoeur, it can be used
to recover historical epistemology.
4. Theoretical Criticism
This
type of criticism is associated with ideas, principles, and theories based on
practice. Broadly speaking, it is also concerned with the limitations,
validation, and meaningfulness of a theory.
5. Applied Criticism
Applied
Criticism or Practical Criticism is a way to apply the theories to different
texts.
6. Ecocriticism
It
is a way to study literature with respect to the environment. Critics study
both the field as an interdisciplinary and look at how text deals with the
subject of environment and vice versa.
7. Absolutist Critic
A
critic who believes that there is only one way to interpret a text or believe
in one theory.
Hegemony
The
word hegemony in Marxism commonly refers to the political predominance of one
state over another. The term came into popular by Italian Marxist thinker
Antonio Gramsci and it can be linked with “mechanical historical materialism.”
In a simple word, to Gramsci hegemony is the cultural, political, and ethical
power of the leading class over the recessive class or group in society.
Dialectical Materialism
Material
Dialectic is a specific way of thinking to understand reality and the notion
used by Karl Marx in his book German Ideology. He stressed the significance of
the real world in terms of economy and class distinction. The chief principle
of this concept is that everything is determined by material and material is
taken from matter which is changeable and independent in its existent. Briefly,
dialectic materialism is; everything is shaped by the economy even our notions and
ideas.
Intentional Fallacy
The
term is used in New Criticism, a literary theory that originated in America as a
counterpart of Russian Formalism. It means that in evaluating or interpreting a
work of art by studying the intention of the author but this concept is
rejected by New Criticism. They believed that there is no need to study the
extrinsic element of a text to reach the correct analysis.
Affective Fallacy
The
affective fallacy in literary theory is a broadly used concept begun by Stanely
Fish. He termed it affectivsm and meant that the feeling arises in readers while
reading a work of art. He favors studying the response of readers to arrive at
correct interpretation but New Crticsim rejected the notion. This theory later
developed into Reader Response Theory.
Langue and Parole
One
of the prominent Swiss linguists Ferdinand de Saussure used the terms langue
and parole which refer to the individual’s actual speech utterance (loudness
and softness in language) and the laws which governed how language is organized
and used respectively. In other words, the proper study of linguistics is the
system (langue) not the individual utterances of its speaker (parole).
Example
Saussure
gives an example of an utterance uttered by two speakers. One may utter loudly and
the other softly. Both utterances are examples of parole according to him.
Another example can be given of the game of chess. The language is the
chessboard, and the individual chess moves are the parole.
Logocentrism
Derrida's
concept of logocentrism states that there is an ultimate reality or truth
center that may serve as the foundation for all of our ideas and acts. He was
opposed to Western metaphysics, which coined many of the concepts that may
serve as centers: God, origin, truth, humanity, and so on. Each notion is
self-sufficient and self-originating, and so serves as a transcendental
signified.
Monomyth
Frye
proposed a model where he asserts that all of the literature comprises one
complete story. This circular diagram can be divided into four phases.
Romance phase
It
is located at the top and concerned about our desires and happiness.
Anti-romance phase
It
is located at the bottom and associated with fear, frustration, and
imprisonment.
Spring phase
At
the right corner there is spring phase. It leads us from frustration to
happiness.
Fall phase
It
represents the declining state of our desires from happiness to anger or disaster.
Alienation
Alienation
is a Marxist notion in which the worker is made to feel alienated from
his own product. The bourgeoisie class played a role in doing so by their
exploitive economic policies.
Hegel's synthesis theory
Hegel
expanded the term "synthesis" to imply "knowing how labor led a
class war and established a new social order." His philosophy is based on
three things.
1.
A thesis is a statement that begins with a question.
2.
The antithesis, which is the opposite of the thesis.
3.
A synthesis in which two opposing concepts are brought together to generate a
new notion.
Cullar Assumptions
1. A text will be unified.
2. A text will be thematically significant.
3. A text’s significance can take the form of
reflection.
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